Precedent Research
Eighteen precedent profiles inform the case made elsewhere in this report. Eight are developed in depth, with scale, build cost where public, operating history, and the specific lesson each carries for the 5 Bridges replacement; ten are shorter tail-list entries adding breadth across governance, scale, and international comparison. The map below shows the geographic spread — twelve UK sites, four continental European or North American sites — and each marker links to the profile below.
The headline data point produced by the precedent set is the build-cost-per-square-metre spread in the table immediately below: from £650/m² at StreetDome (Haderslev, 2014) to £5,230/m² at F51 (Folkestone, 2022), with Lynch Family (Cambridge MA, 2015) at ~£780/m² sitting between as a mid-point peg. That three-point spread anchors the cost discussion in § F Finance.
F.1 Cost Benchmark
| Precedent | Build cost | Approx. m² | Cost per m² |
|---|---|---|---|
| F51, Folkestone | £17,000,000 | 3,250 | £5,230 |
| Lynch Family, Cambridge MA | US$4,500,000 (~£2,900,000 in 2015) | 3,716 | ~£780 |
| StreetDome, Haderslev | ~£3,900,000 (2014) | 6,000 | £650 |
| The Source Park, Hastings | ~£1,500,000 raise (~£1,170,000 build) | not public | — |
| BaySixty6, London | not public | not public | — |
| Projekts MCR, Manchester | not public | 1,400 | — |
| House of Vans, London | not public | ~3,000 | — |
| HTC One @ Selfridges, London | not public (corporate) | 1,720 | — |
| Dean Lane (2021 extension) | community-fundraised; figure not public | not public | — |
| Adrenaline Alley, Corby | not public (charity) | 11,148 | — |
F.2 Geographic Spread
F.3 Deep Profiles
Eight profiles, organised by what each one best informs in the report. Each carries a single italicised Key lesson line distilling the specific point the precedent settles for the 5BOS argument.
1. BaySixty6
London W10 · Open-air covered (Westway A40 flyover) · 1997 – present (28 years)
Original concept and build dates from 1996; opened 24 May 1997 on derelict land beneath the Westway flyover at Bays 65 & 66. Originally Playstation Skatepark, rebranded to Bay Sixty 6 under Xbox sponsorship, and most recently refurbished by Nike SB in late 2011.
The closest functional twin to the original 5 Bridges: same model — disused space under elevated road infrastructure, no roofing cost, regional draw, decades-long civic asset. BaySixty6 has now operated for 28 years on the same model that Gateshead lost when 5 Bridges closed.
Key lesson: Under-flyover provision is durable as a civic asset across decades, not just years. Sponsorship transitions (Playstation → Xbox → Nike SB) repeatedly funded refurbishment without changing the underlying model.
Sources: BaySixty6 — 20 years history · BaySixty6 about page · Sidewalk Magazine 20-year anniversary
2. Projekts MCR
Manchester · Hybrid covered/outdoor (Mancunian Way flyover) · 2004 / 2012 (refurbished) – present
Founded 2004 as a community-run, not-for-profit skatepark beneath the Mancunian Way flyover after Manchester banned street skating in public spaces in 2001. Opened in current concrete form 2012 (Freestyle build). 1,400 m² of hybrid indoor/outdoor concrete, with the indoor section covered by the flyover roof — usable in rain. Now home to a café, community spaces, and one of the UK's largest school skateboarding programmes.
The municipal partnership model — community trust takes underused space from the city council, fundraises, runs the park, builds programmes — is exactly the route a 5 Bridges replacement would follow with Gateshead Council and a CIC like Shred The North.
Key lesson: A community-led, council-partnered, under-flyover model can scale to substantial schools-programme delivery. The closest North-of-England analogue to what STN proposes for 5BOS, on a comparable site type.
Sources: Projekts MCR official site · Power to Change case study · Skateparks.co.uk Projekts MCR guide
3. F51 Folkestone
Folkestone, Kent · Indoor purpose-built multi-storey · April 2022 – present
Opened 4 April 2022; world's first purpose-built multi-storey skatepark. Designed by Hollaway Studio. 3,250 m² gross internal floor area across three skateable floors (international-standard bowl, flow park, street floor) plus a 15m climbing wall, boxing ring, and ground-floor café. Build cost £17 million, funded by Sir Roger De Haan's Folkestone regeneration programme.
F51 sits at the opposite end of the cost/ambition spectrum from 5BOS — a useful precedent for what a fully privately-funded covered skatepark can be, and a useful counter-comparator for the report's argument that 5BOS does not need (and should not aim for) a £17m build to deliver year-round provision. The unit cost (~£5,200/m²) is the upper bound on what covered skating costs in the UK at the moment.
Key lesson: Purpose-built covered skating in the UK costs c. £5,000/m² at premium spec. Reusing existing infrastructure (under-flyover, under-arches) typically delivers 80% of the user experience at 10–20% of the build cost. F51 is the comparator that shows what 5BOS specifically isn't trying to be.
Sources: Dezeen · Architects' Journal · ArchDaily · Hollaway Studio
4. House of Vans London
London SE1 · Indoor under-arches conversion (Old Vic Tunnels, beneath Waterloo Station) · August 2014 – December 2022 (8 years)
Opened 9 August 2014 in the Old Vic Tunnels beneath Waterloo Station; closed 10 December 2022. Approximately 3,000 m² (33,000 sq ft) total venue across multiple tunnels, with skating concentrated in Tunnels 4 and 5 — a long concrete bowl with varying depth and vert extensions. Multi-use: galleries, artist studios, café, two bars, an 85-person music venue, a 160-person cinema, free public skating sessions on selected days. Operated under a Vans corporate sponsorship lease arrangement with the venue, not a community trust.
The single most relevant precedent for the Askew Road sub-case, with a caveat: House of Vans skated inside the tunnels (which were deep enough); the Askew Road arches are too shallow for that and provide ancillary services only. The precedent's value is in the multi-use programming alongside skating (café, events, music, gallery) and in the closure itself — it ended when Vans corporate strategy changed, not because the venue had failed civically. A community-owned or council-owned model, like Gateshead's, is structurally less exposed to that risk.
Key lesson: Multi-use programming around skating (café, gallery, events, music venue) can deliver an 8-year track record at scale. Corporate-led models exit when corporate priorities shift; community/ council-led models on the same site type don't carry that exit risk. Direct argument for 5BOS to pursue council ownership rather than corporate sponsorship.
Sources: Rolling Stone UK closure announcement · Londonist 2014 opening coverage · CLADglobal design and architecture
5. Dean Lane Skatepark ("The Deaner")
Bristol BS3 · Outdoor concrete · 1978 – present (47 years), with phased extension 2021
Built by Bristol City Council in spring 1978 — one of the first skateparks in the UK. Sits inside Dame Emily Park in Bedminster. Original park has crusty DIY transitions built into a hill; renovated by Bendcrete in 1999 and 2010 (the 2010 rebuild added an open bowl and quarterpipes at the lower end). Most relevantly: in 2019 a community fundraiser — Bristol Skatepark Collective — launched to convert disused space adjacent to Dean Lane into a flat concrete slab; Canvas Skateparks built the extension and it opened in September 2021.
The Dean Lane story is the cleanest UK example of the community-led phased delivery model the 5BOS report argues for: an existing council-owned skate space, kept alive across decades through periodic council-funded refurbishment AND community-led fundraising for new sections. Phased build over 47 years; each phase added by a different generation. Same site, growing scope, no single £xxm capital ask.
Key lesson: A council-owned skatepark on a single site can deliver across multi-decade time horizons via community-fundraised extensions. Bristol Skatepark Collective's 2019–2021 extension is the recent operational template — community CIC raises £, Canvas builds, council retains ownership.
Sources: The Bristol Cable history · Bendcrete project page · Bristol Skatepark Collective
6. HTC One Skatepark @ Selfridges
London W1 · Multi-storey car park conversion (Old Selfridges Hotel basement) · 2014, temporary pop-up
Opened May 2014 in the basement car park of the former Selfridges Hotel behind the Oxford Street flagship. Approximately 18,500 sq ft (1,720 m²) of indoor skatepark across the underground car-park footprint — branded as "the UK's largest covered skatepark" at opening. Designed by creative agencies Prime and Fire, sponsored by HTC. Ramps painted in Selfridges yellow, mimicking the store's iconic carrier bags. Temporary installation: ran as a pop-up event venue for several months, then de-rigged. Selfridges later (2018) opened a separate permanent enclosed skate bowl inside the main store.
The single most relevant UK precedent for the Quays Car Park sub-case. Proves that a multi-storey car park substructure has the floor-to-ceiling clearance, footprint, and load capacity for a covered skatepark at meaningful scale (1,720 m² is similar in scale to the original 5 Bridges). The conversion was achievable as a temporary event — a permanent council-owned conversion would face fewer constraints (no event-licence rush, longer engineering window, dedicated MEP/services).
Key lesson: UK multi-storey car park substructure is a feasible skatepark space at 1,500m²+ scale — proven once at Selfridges in 2014. The temporary nature was driven by the corporate sponsorship model, not by structural or planning constraints. A permanent council-led car park conversion at the Quays would face fewer obstacles than this short-run pop-up did.
Sources: Designboom · Dezeen · It's Nice That
7. Adrenaline Alley
Corby, Northamptonshire · Indoor industrial-estate units · 2004 – present (21 years), built in multiple phases
The UK's largest skatepark and one of the largest in Europe — 120,000 sq ft (11,148 m²) of wood, concrete and tarmac across multiple separate buildings on an industrial estate in Corby. Building 1: training room, street course, rhythm-ramp section, mini-ramp, resi midi-ramp, spine, vert-resi, double foam pit, bowl. Building 2: large transition-focused area with spine, volcano, jump-box, vert wall, foam pit. Building 3: scooter-only. Operated as a registered charity. Phased build over two decades — Phases 2 and 3 opened years apart from Phase 1, each adding a new building rather than extending the original.
Adrenaline Alley is the phased-delivery champion of the UK indoor skating sector and the strongest case study for the "build it modular, grow over time" argument that 5BOS makes. Crucially: each phase is a separately-bookable unit, so the facility could open and operate revenue-generating activity at Phase 1 while Phase 2 was being built — no period where the whole venue was closed for expansion.
Key lesson: Genuinely-phased indoor skating works at scale and over decades — Adrenaline Alley grew from a single building to three over 20 years without ever closing for expansion. The phased model is operationally proven, not theoretical. The UK's largest skatepark was built this way.
Sources: Adrenaline Alley official site · Four One Four Skateparks · Ride UK BMX spot check
8. StreetDome
Haderslev, Denmark · Outdoor covered skate park + adjacent multi-sport dome · 2014 – present (11 years)
Opened October 2014 on Haderslev's harbour front in southern Denmark. Designed jointly by CEBRA architects and skatepark specialists Glifberg+Lykke. The site combines a 4,500 m² outdoor concrete skatepark (free, drop-in, no covering) with an adjacent 1,500 m² covered dome for street basketball, parkour, bouldering, and canoe polo — total ~6,000 m² of street-sports infrastructure. The dome is unheated and daylit to keep running costs low, with a 40m roof span over open floor.
Build cost: 34 million DKK (~£3.9 million in 2014). Funded by Haderslev Municipality (the client and owner) plus three foundations: Realdania, Norea Fund, and A.P. Moeller Fund. Council-owned, multi-funder, free-at-point-of-use — exactly the operational model 5BOS proposes for Gateshead. Streetdome demonstrates: (a) a municipality can directly own and operate a 6,000 m² street-sports complex; (b) covered + uncovered provision can be delivered side-by-side at one-third of F51's cost-per-m²; (c) the daylit-unheated covered model dramatically reduces running cost vs. fully serviced indoor; (d) co-location with other street sports creates daily activation rather than skating-only single-use.
Key lesson: £4m delivers a council-owned, internationally-recognised, daylit-covered street-sports hub at 6,000 m². That's the cost ceiling 5BOS should be benchmarking against — not F51's £17m. Streetdome also proves the multi-sport model works: skating, parkour, climbing, basketball share a single site under shared council operation.
Sources: CEBRA project page · ArchDaily · Dezeen · Glifberg+Lykke
F.4 Tail-list
Ten lighter profiles adding breadth across governance, scale, and international comparison. Each gives location, type, scale where public, and a single-sentence lesson tying back to a 5BOS argument.
T1. Mount Hawke Skatepark
Cornwall · Indoor charity-run (covered barn over outdoor ramps) · 1982 youth group / 1997 covered – present
Started in 1982 as a village youth group on five acres donated by South West Water; first outdoor ramp built by community volunteers in 1990; a "barn-like" cover added in 1997 turned the outdoor park into Cornwall's largest indoor skatepark — 24,000 sq ft / ~2,229 m². Operated as a registered charity (Mount Hawke Community Youth Group); current ramp set designed and built by FourOneFour Skateparks in May 2016.
Lesson: A small UK community charity can sustain a covered skatepark across four decades by phasing the build incrementally — youth group → outdoor ramps → covering — without ever needing a single large capital ask.
Sources: Mount Hawke about · Trucks and Fins history
T2. The Source Park
Hastings, East Sussex · Subterranean conversion (1870s White Rock Baths) · 13 February 2016 – present
Opened in the basement of the Victorian White Rock Baths — formerly Turkish bathhouse, then variously cinema, swimming pool and ice rink, derelict from the 1990s. Brought back into use through a partnership between Source BMX, Hastings Borough Council, and the Foreshore Trust, raising £1.5 million for the rebuild (c. £1.17m direct construction). Marketed at opening as the world's largest underground skatepark.
Lesson: Belowground reuse is not limited to railway arches — listed civic buildings with deep substructure can be brought back into skating with council partnership and a single mid-seven-figure raise. Direct read-across to the Quays Car Park substructure approach.
Sources: Source BMX · Leisure Opportunities news
T3. The House Skatepark
Sheffield · Indoor skater-owned · 1998 – present (27 years)
The UK's longest-established skater-owned indoor skatepark, in continuous operation since 1998. Owner-operated by the same skating community that uses it, with the layout repeatedly remodelled to track changing trends in the discipline. Hosts regular contests, video premieres and demos for visiting professional teams.
Lesson: Skater ownership of the operating company — not just the operating committee — is a viable long-term governance model. Where the freehold or long-leasehold is held by the skating community itself, the facility is structurally insulated from the corporate-exit risk that closed House of Vans London.
Sources: The House Skatepark · Sidewalk spot check
T4. Onboard Skatepark
Sheffield · Indoor not-for-profit (warehouse) · 2012 – present
Founded 2012 by Amy Cooper and Jan Hulley as a legacy to Cooper's father Mick. 8,000 sq ft / ~745 m² warehouse in the deprived Heeley area south of Sheffield city centre. Multi-discipline (skate, BMX, scooter, rollerblade, parkour) at all experience levels — but the day-to-day programme wraps the skating in enrichment activities for vulnerable young people: bike maintenance, joinery, woodwork, food hygiene, GCSE English and maths support. 2018 rebuild funded primarily by a Sport England grant.
Lesson: A small indoor skatepark can function as a youth-services delivery vehicle, not just a leisure venue. The charitable-trust model converts skating revenue + grants into wraparound social value — exactly the pitch 5BOS would make to Gateshead Council Children's Services, against the CYP Strategy cited in §1.3.
Sources: Onboard Skatepark · StreetGames case study
T5. Rampworx Skatepark
Liverpool (Bootle) · Indoor commercial · 1997 – present (28 years)
Established 1997 by Ian Robinson and Rob Godfrey in a 15,000 sq ft unit; relocated 2000 to 55,000 sq ft on Leckwith Road (the UK's largest indoor skatepark at the time); expanded again in 2013 to 70,000 sq ft / ~6,500 m², putting it among the biggest indoor skateparks in Europe. Privately owned and commercially operated, with a national-team and pro-rider events programme alongside daily public sessions.
Lesson: A single-operator indoor skatepark can grow 5x in floor area across two relocations and one expansion over 25+ years and remain commercially viable.
Sources: Rampworx Liverpool · Wikipedia
T6. Graystone Action Sports
Salford / Manchester · Indoor multi-discipline action sports academy · December 2018 – present
Opened December 2018 as the UK's first purpose-built action sports academy — 35,000 sq ft / ~3,250 m² of skate plaza + bowl, trampolines, foam pits, sprung-floor area, half-pipe, vert wall, parkour terrain, climbing wall, ninja warrior course, fitness studio, classroom, digital media labs, and café/bar.
Lesson: Where multi-discipline co-location is engineered from day one (not retrofitted), the cost per skating-square-metre falls because shared facilities are amortised across BMX, parkour, climbing, dance and ninja-warrior populations. Strongest UK precedent for the multi-use Stadium argument.
Sources: Graystone Action Sports · Boardsport SOURCE interview
T7. Spit & Sawdust
Cardiff · Indoor community-led skatepark + café + artist studios · April 2014 – present
Opened April 2014 by skater Christian Hart, artist Nia Metcalfe and two other founders in a former builders' merchants depot off Newport Road. 11,000 sq ft / ~1,020 m² indoor skatepark plus café, artist studios, large outdoor yard. A separate sister venue (13 Church Street / Bacareto) followed in central Cardiff. Operates as a community / social-enterprise space — artist-led but explicitly inclusive (drop-in coffee customers welcome, beginners welcome, no membership barrier).
Lesson: Ancillary revenue (café, studios, hireable yard, sister venue) is what keeps the welcoming-but-undermonetised skating side of a community-CIC model solvent. Operationally close to what Shred The North could run at Askew Road — the model where non-skating spend cross-subsidises skating activity.
Sources: Spit & Sawdust · Bacareto
T8. Friedensbrücke Skatepark
Frankfurt am Main, Germany · Outdoor concrete under road bridge · redesigned 2021, expanded 2024
Free-to-use municipal facility built directly under the Friedensbrücke road bridge in Frankfurt's Gutleutviertel district. Concrete modules — funbox, upledge, hips, bank, transition — with the bridge above giving rain cover. Redesigned as a flow park in late 2021 and further expanded in late 2024.
Lesson: German municipalities are still investing in under-bridge skating in 2024 as a free, daylit, weather-tolerant open-space asset — not legacy infrastructure but live policy. Direct international parallel to BaySixty6 and Projekts MCR, on a smaller and more recent scale.
Sources: Yamato Living Ramps · Kinderbeauftragte Frankfurt
T9. Stapelbäddsparken (Malmö) + Bryggeriet
Malmö, Sweden · Outdoor concrete urban-regeneration flagship · 2005 – present
Opened 2005 on former Kockums shipyard land on Malmö's western harbour. ~3,500 m² of skating concrete (~2,000 m² skate + ~1,500 m² event slab) — the largest such facility in Scandinavia. Built by the non-profit association Bryggeriet (founded 1998 by skaters as an advocacy CIC) in close partnership with Malmö City Council. The Bryggeriet–council relationship was formalised in 2012 under the Skate Malmö brand; a full-time municipal skateboard coordinator post was created in 2015. The same association also runs Bryggeriet High School (since 2006) — Sweden's compulsory-skateboarding upper-secondary school.
Lesson: Stapelbäddsparken is the deepest international case for a CIC–council partnership growing into permanent municipal infrastructure: skater-founded non-profit (1998) → flagship skatepark with the council (2005) → co-branded "Skate Malmö" platform (2012) → municipal coordinator post (2015) plus skating high school (2006). The maturation arc that Shred The North could plausibly walk with Gateshead Council across the next decade if 5BOS lands well.
Sources: Skate Malmö · Bryggeriet making-of · Frontiers (peer-reviewed, 2024) · Wikipedia
T10. Lynch Family Skatepark
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA · Outdoor concrete under interstate highway · November 2015 – present
Opened November 2015 directly beneath the access ramps of Interstate 93 / Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge, on land freed up after Boston's Big Dig. 40,000 sq ft / ~3,716 m² of concrete plaza, bowls and street terrain — among the largest skateparks on the US East Coast. Total project cost US$4.5 million (~£2.9m at 2015 rates → ~£780/m²), assembled from a notable mixed funding stack: $1.5m Vans corporate partnership + $0.8m Lynch Foundation + $1.75m grant donors + $0.45m public money.
Lesson: The closest international cost benchmark for a covered (under-flyover) skatepark at the right scale: ~£780/m² delivered, mostly philanthropic + corporate. Sits just above StreetDome (£650/m²) and an order of magnitude below F51 (£5,230/m²). Funding-stack composition shows public money can be a minority share if the corporate and philanthropic legs are properly worked.
Sources: Charles River Conservancy · Wikipedia · Work begins on $4.5m skatepark
Additional under-bridge / under-infrastructure precedents
Three further built examples confirm that placing a skatepark beneath elevated road or rail infrastructure is current, mainstream practice internationally — the same model 5 Bridges pioneered and that the Askew Road and car-park approaches revisit. Noted here as sourced references rather than full profiles.
- Skatepark Janka Kráľa — Bratislava, Slovakia (completed 2024). A ~1,350 m² covered concrete park built beneath the SNP Bridge, reclaiming a neglected underpass as a year-round facility and among the largest in Slovakia. Source: úú studio project page.
- Artist Walk Skate Park — Jacksonville, Florida, USA (opened 2024). Built under the Fuller Warren Bridge on former abandoned retention-pond land, delivered by the City of Jacksonville (~$5m) with FDOT and CA Skateparks as part of the Emerald Trail greenway network. Source: Jax Today.
- “Baker's” Skate Park — Werribee, Melbourne, Australia (2021). Woven among the columns of a new elevated rail bridge built by Victoria's Level Crossing Removal Project — sheltered from sun and rain within ~30,000 m² of new public space, and co-designed with a local 13-year-old skater. Sources: Victoria's Big Build · Rail Express.
F.5 Precedent-to-5BOS site alignment
The 18 precedents map onto the three shortlisted 5BOS approaches unevenly — which is the useful finding. Askew Road has the deepest precedent set; Stadium and Car Park each have strong but narrower precedent support; and four cross-cutting precedents inform every approach. The table reads each precedent against the site it most directly informs.
| 5BOS site | Strongest precedents | What each one contributes |
|---|---|---|
| Askew Road under-flyover / under-bridge model with adjacent services use |
BaySixty6 · Projekts MCR · Friedensbrücke · Spit & Sawdust · The House Sheffield · House of Vans | Under-flyover/under-bridge model durable across decades (BaySixty6 28 yrs, Projekts MCR 21 yrs); current 2024 municipal policy not legacy (Friedensbrücke); CIC ancillary-revenue route via arches (Spit & Sawdust); skater-owned operating governance for an STN- run park (The House); the multi-use programming alongside skating that the arches enable (House of Vans, with arch-depth caveat). |
| Gateshead Stadium large council-owned multi-purpose plot, phased growth |
StreetDome · Adrenaline Alley · Graystone Action Sports · Lynch Family Skatepark | Council-owned multi-sport at £650/m² (StreetDome); phased build to UK's largest indoor skatepark over 20+ yrs (Adrenaline Alley); multi-discipline academy economics (Graystone); under-infrastructure scale + funding-stack template at ~£780/m² (Lynch Family). |
| Car Park Conversion multi-storey substructure adaptive reuse |
HTC One @ Selfridges · The Source Park · Rampworx · F51 (ceiling) | Direct UK proof car-park substructure works at 1,720 m² (HTC One); subterranean civic-building reuse via council partnership (Source Park); single-operator phased growth via site moves (Rampworx); cost ceiling at £5,230/m² for the purpose-built multi-storey alternative the conversion approach avoids (F51). |
| Cross-cutting applies to all three approaches |
Dean Lane · Mount Hawke · Stapelbäddsparken + Bryggeriet · Onboard Sheffield | Council-owned + community-fundraised phasing across 47 yrs (Dean Lane); phased community-charity model across 4 decades without large capital ask (Mount Hawke); skater-CIC ↔ council maturation arc 1998 → 2015 (Stapelbäddsparken / Bryggeriet); youth-services delivery wrapped around skating (Onboard Sheffield). |
Two observations from this alignment. First, Askew Road has the largest body of directly-aligned precedent: six venues covering the under-flyover / under-bridge model from multiple angles (durability, governance, ancillary revenue, municipal policy). Stadium and Car Park each have strong but narrower precedent support. Second, the four cross-cutting precedents are the ones that argue for the phased, council-owned, community-operated model regardless of which site is selected — reinforcing the § 7 recommendation structure (a lead site + evidence-ready alternatives).
F.6 Notes on Methodology
- All quotes and figures verified verbatim against published sources (architect project pages, architecture press, official precedent websites, news coverage).
- House of Vans London closure date corrected during research: 10 December 2022, after eight years (not 2024 as initially recalled).
- Cliftonville Outdoor (Margate) was on the original lead list but dropped after research showed it is outdoor uncovered concrete — does not match the brief. Substituted with StreetDome to add international depth.
- "Vagabond Skatepark, Boston" was on the tail-list shortlist but no such venue could be verified in research; substituted with Lynch Family Skatepark, Cambridge MA (under I-93 access ramps, 2015, $4.5m) — a stronger US under-flyover and cost-peg comparator.
- Frankfurt's "Konsti" was identified through research as Friedensbrücke Skatepark (under the Friedensbrücke road bridge), with redesign in 2021 and expansion in 2024 — chosen over the larger Hafenpark / Osthafen because the brief was specifically about under-flyover/under-bridge models.
- Build cost figures are the strongest data point in the precedent set; only F51, StreetDome, Lynch Family and (partially) Source Park publish reliable figures. The cost-spread (£650 → ~£780 → £5,230 per m²) is the report's most useful comparator.